View No. 19 (2023)

No. 19 (2023)

ISSN:
1895-247X
eISSN:
2657-3571

Publication date:
2023-12-23

Section: Profiles

We were always Don Quixotes: The Ghetto Fighters’ kibbutz in Israel

Lior Inbar

liori@gfh.org.il

PhD candidate at the Department of Israeli Studies at Haifa University. The subject of his doctoral dissertation is the kibbutz movements after the 1973-1981 Yom Kippur War. He is a researcher at the Archives of the Ghetto Fighters' House Museum (Beit Lochamej ha-Getaot) and co-director of the combined research group of the Ghetto Fighters' House and the Yad Tabenkin Institute. He has published articles including: Half an Hour from Haifa: The Story of the Engelmanm Family ("Dapim" 2013), The Letters Collection of Gitke and Simcha Kopshtik-Naamati: A View to the Last Year of the War ("Dapim" 2015), In Protest Against the Ambassador': Kibbutz Lohamei HaGhetaot and the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between Israel and West Germany, 1965 (Dapim: Studies on the Shoah" 2018), Kibbutz Lohamei Hagetaot: A Site of Memory in a Challenging Reality 1949-1959 ("Moreshet: Journal for the Study of the Holocaust and Antisemitism," 2019).

Beit Lochalei ha-Getaot Museum

Zagłada Żydów. Studia i Materiały, No. 19 (2023), pages: 237-256

Publication date: 2023-12-23

https://doi.org/10.32927/zzsim.1033

Abstract

The article is dedicated to the unique story of Kibbutz Lohamei Hagetaot, a communal community of Holocaust survivors. Their aim was to rebuild their life together side by side with a strong obligation to commemorate the near past. They established the Ghetto Fighters’ House, the first museum in the world for the heritage of the Holocaust and Jewish Resistance. The main thesis of the article arguing that it is impossible to understand and accurately assess the circumstances in which those Kibbutz and museum established without taking into consideration the centrality of the close personal relationship between Yitzhak Tabenkin, leader of the Hakibbutz Hameuchad movement with which the kibbutz was affiliated and a group of the kibbutz members, mainly Zivia Lubetkin and Yitzhak (Antek) Zuckerman, a married couple, who had been among the leaders of the Jewish Fighting Organization in the Warsaw Ghetto (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa, or ŻOB). Those two were symbols of the movement’s heroic past. This relationship was beneficial for the kibbutz but periodically sparked internal discord between its members, revolving primarily around the continued financial commitment to maintaining the museum and to holding its annual memorial ceremony. In addition, the Hakibbutz Hameuchad movement adopted the Ghetto Uprising as a central ethos of its political and educational being. This ethos was not limited to a demand for the public recognition of formative rights from the past; it also served as a source of power in the present. One of the major banners waved by the movement was the complete repudiation of relations with West Germany. Furthermore, the activity of the Ghetto Fighters’ House served as an arena for a series of struggles against other initiatives to commemorate the memory of the Holocaust and the Uprising, first with Hashomer Hatzair movement and later with Yad Vashem. The intensity of these struggles stemmed directly from the Israeli political present.

In summary, the first decade of Kibbutz Lohamei Hagetaot could be characterized as a constant arena of struggle, both with internal and external levels. The kibbutz’s economic hardship during the years in question, on the one hand, and the commitment to the movement commemoration agenda, on the other hand, also affected the social situation of the Kibbutz. As a result of the thawing relations with West Germany, Hakibbutz Hameuchad proceeded under a banner of complete repudiation and a group of members of the Kibbutz positioned themselves at the forefront of the struggle: initially because they had answered the call of the movement, and later as a pressure group and a voice of conscience on the issue. The major reason for the change was the fact that although the struggle helped bolster the movement’s glorious past, it weakened its political present. In other words, commemoration became a success story: The museum, and the widely attended memorial ceremonies, despite the tensions with Hashomer Hatzair and Yad Vashem. Whereas electoral failure weakened the influence of Ahdut Ha’avoda (The political party of Hakibbutz Hameuchad) and pushed it onto the sidelines of changing Israeli society.

Źródła archiwalne / Archival Sources

Archiwum Beit Lochamej ha-Getaot (Archiwum Muzeum Dom Bojowników Gett) 4782/6, „Mador Meuchad”, Kartka pocztowa uczniów siódmej klasy szkoły Maalech ha-Szichrur do Sekretariatu Kibucu Lochamej ha-Getaot, 21 VI 1959 r.

, Icchak Cukierman, „Z Icchakiem Kacenelsonem w getcie warszawskim” Główny Wydział Rejestracyjny, 20600, List Moszego Carmela do oddziałów Partii, 12 VIII 1955 r

Główny Wydział Rejestracyjny, 20603, List kancelarii premiera do kibucu Lochamej ha-Getaot, 27 IV 1954 r.

, List Icchaka Cukiermana do sekretariatu Ha-Kibuc ha-Meuchad, 23 VII 1950 r.

, Dziennik Miriam Novitch

Archiwum Jad Tabenkin

-4/12/9, t. 67, Posiedzenie Sekretariatu Ha-Kibuc ha-Meuchad, 15 XII 1959 r. 10-11/11/1, Z wypowiedzi Tabenkina na posiedzeniu Komitetu Politycznego Achdut ha-Awoda – Poalej Syjon, 4 XI 1954

Archiwum Kibucu Lochamej ha-Getaot

mem-kuf-kuf-hej-alef-samech-2, Protokoły posiedzeń Zgromadzenia Ogólnego kibucu Lochamej ha-Getaot od maja 1958 do marca 1965

mem-kuf-kuf-hej-mem-zajin-12, Posiedzenia Zarządu i Sekretariatu, Kibuc Lochamej ha-Getaot, październik 1948 – listopad 1957

Wywiady przeprowadzone przez autora / Interviews contucted by the Author

Wywiad z Chawką Folman-Raban, Kibuc Lochamej ha-Getaot, 11 III 2009 r. Wywiad z Cwiką Drorem, kibuc Lochamej ha-Getaot, 28 XI 2008 r.

Prasa / Press

„Al ha-Miszmar”

„Ba-Kibuc” [cotygodniowy biuletyn ha-Kibuc ha-Meuchad]

„Cror Michtawim”

„Dapim. Kibuc Lochamej ha-Getaot, As-Sumajrija – Galilea Zachodnia”

„Dapim: le-Cheker ha-Szoa we-ha-Mered”

„Jedijot [Wiadomości Muzeum Bojowników Gett]”

„Lamerchaw”

„Wiadomości Sekretariatu Ha-Kibuc ha-Meuchad”

Publikacje hebrajskojęzyczne / Hebrew Literature

Alterman Natan, „Pisma w czterech tomach”, t. 3: „Siódma kolumna, 1953/54 – 1961/62”, Tel Awiw 1962.

Ben-Nahum Icchak, „Marzyciel i człowiek spełniony. Życie Mordechaja Szenhawiego”, Giwat Hawiwa 2011.

Bord Ofer, „Pieniądze ukradzione zabójcy. Ruch kibucowy i umowa o reparacjach, odszkodowaniach osobistych i reparacji od Niemiec”, Tel Awiw 2015.

Burstein Dror, „Bez przypadków śmierci. Opowieści z kibucu Lochamej ha-Getaot”, Tel Awiw 2007.

Cohen Boaz, „Następne pokolenia – skąd będą wiedzieć? Powstanie i rozwój izraelskich badań nad Zagładą” (hebr.), Jeruszalaim 2010.

Daniel Carmi, „Między przeszłością a przyszłością. Upamiętnianie Zagłady przez ruch Ha-Szomer ha-Cair w latach czterdziestych i pięćdziesiątych XX w.”, praca magisterska, Uniwersytet Ben Guriona, Negew, 2007.

Dror Cwika, „Brzemię Miriam: Życie Miriam Novitch”, Tel Awiw 2008.

Dror Cwika, „Kibuc Lochamej ha-Getaot: Historia pewnego miejsca”, Tel Awiw 2005.

Gazit Tamar, „Stosunek Ha-Kibuc ha-Meuchad do Niemiec 1945–1959” (hebr.), praca magisterska, Uniwersytet w Hajfie, 1998.

Gutterman Bella, „Cywia Pierwsza. Życie Cywii Lubetkin”, Tel Awiw: Ha-Kibuc ha-Meuchad i Jad wa-Szem, 2011.

Holtzmann Awner, „Fotografia grupowa z Tabenkinem” [w:] „Obraz przed oczyma”, Tel Awiw 2002.

Inbar Lior, „«Nad ciemną otchłanią». Stosunek Icchaka Tabenkina do Zagłady i powstania”, praca magisterska, Uniwersytet w Hajfie, 2010.

Jizhar Uri, „Między wizją a rządzeniem. Achdut ha-Awoda – Poalej Syjon w jiszuwie i w państwie”, Ramat Efal 2005.

Kanari Baruch, „Tabenkin w Erec Israel”, Ramat Efal 2003.

„Karty pamięci. Wspomnienia 96 członków kibucu Lochamej ha-Getaot”, red. Cwika Dror,

t. 1–4, Lochamej ha-Getaot 1984.

„Księga wojenna getta. Za murami, w obozach i w lasach”, red. Icchak Cukierman, Mosze Basok, Tel Awiw 1954.

Poliakow Arie, Rabinowicz Joske, „Icchak Tabenkin – rozdziały życia. Człowiek i jego dzieło”, Tel Awiw 1972.

Porat Dina, „Poza obrębem naszych dusz. Życie i czasy Aby Kownera” (hebr.), Jeruszalaim 2000.

Zak Jakow, „Idea i pieniądze, duch i materia. Dzieje Fundacji Ha-Kibuc ha-Meuchad”, Ramat Efal 1999.

Filmografia / Filomography

„Błękitny Ptak. Historia Cywii Lubetkin”, reż. Ajelet Heller, Beit Lochamej ha-Getaot, 1996.

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Inbar, L. (2023). We were always Don Quixotes: The Ghetto Fighters’ kibbutz in Israel. Zagłada Żydów. Studia I Materiały, (19), 237-256. https://doi.org/10.32927/zzsim.1033

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                            View No. 19 (2023)

No. 19 (2023)

ISSN:
1895-247X
eISSN:
2657-3571

Data publikacji:
2023-12-23

Dział: Profiles